Binge eating, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in obese candidates for bariatric surgery.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to determine possible associations between binge eating, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in obese candidates for bariatric surgery. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 254 obese patients recruited from the general surgery service for bariatric procedures at the hospital affiliated with the Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil. Evaluations were performed using the Binge Eating Scale (BES), Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI) and a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Most patients were women (82%), 48% had a moderate binge eating disorder, 42% a severe binge eating disorder, 32% had symptoms suggestive of mild, moderate or severe depression and 6% had suicidal ideation. Severe binge eating was positively associated with depressive symptoms (p < 0.001) and suicidal ideation (p < 0.05). Cases of severe binge eating were more frequent in young adults, but not necessarily associated with symptoms of depression or suicidal ideation in this portion of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings underscore the need for psychological and psychiatric follow-up of obese candidates for bariatric surgery using appropriate assessment scales to guide therapeutic approaches. LEVEL III: Evidence obtained from cross-sectional study.

Transtornos alimentares e insatisfação corporal nas práticas relacionadas ao bullying em adolescentes / Eating disorders and body dissatisfaction in practices related to bullying in adolescents / Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria e insatisfacción corporal en prácticas relacionadas con el acoso escolar en adolescentes

Objetivos: Identificar a associação dos transtornos alimentares e insatisfação corporal na prática do bullying em adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal, em uma população de 144 adolescentes, entre 14 a 19 anos de uma escola pública. Foram utilizados os instrumentos Eating Attitudes Test - EAT-26; Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh ­ BITE; Body Shape Questionay - BSQ e questionário sobre Bullying, em suas versões para adolescentes. Resultados: Foi visto que cerca de 1,4% dos adolescentes apresentaram compulsão alimentar; 23,6% sintomas sugestivos para TA; 16% insatisfação corporal; 49,3% foram classificados como vítimas e/ou vítima/agressor; 29,8% foram classificados com agressor e/ou vítima/agressor. Segundo o EAT- 26 e BSQ, não houve uma correlação positiva entre bullying (vítima e/ou agressor) os sintomas sugestivos para TA (p>0,136) e a insatisfação corporal (p>0,896), respectivamente. Os adolescentes que sofreram vitimização do bullying apresentaram uma correlação positiva com sintomas de bulimia nervosa (BN) (p<0,039) e com a gravidade de sintomas (p<0,006), de acordo com escala BITE. Conclusão: Houve correlação entre o bullying e sintomas sugestivos para TA, principalmente a BN. De modo que se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de ações para redução do bullying e prevenção dos TA nos adolescentes, os resultados obtidos servem como uma alerta para a saúde pública.

Objectives: To identify an association of eating disorders and body dissatisfaction in adolescents' bullying in adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a population of 144 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years of a public school. The Food Attitude Test - EAT-26 instruments were used; Edinburgh Bulimia Research Test - BITE; Body Shape Questionay - BSQ and Bullying Quiz, in their teenage versions. Results: It was seen that it is 1.4% of adolescents binge eating; 23.6% suggestive symptoms for BP; 16% body dissatisfaction; 49.3% were classified as victims and / or victims / aggressors; 29.8% were classified as aggressor and / or victim / aggressor. According to the EAT-26 and BSQ, there was no positive alternative between bullying (victim and / or aggressor) the suggestive symptoms for AT (p> 0.136) and body dissatisfaction (p> 0.96), respectively. Adolescents who suffered from bullying had an average of bulimia nervosa (BN) symptoms (p <0.039) and a severity of symptoms (p<0.006), according to the BITE scale. Conclusion: There was a correlation between bullying and symptoms suggestive of AT, mainly BN. Thus, it is necessary to develop actions to reduce the intimidation and avoidance of AT in adolescents, the results are considered as an alert to public health.

Objetivos: Identificar una asociación de los trastornos alimentarios y la insatisfacción corporal en el acoso escolar en adolescentes. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en una población de 144 adolescentes de 14 a 19 años de una escuela pública. Fueron utilizados los instrumentos Food Attitude Test - EAT-26; Edinburgh Bulimia Research Test - BITE; Body Shape Questionay - BSQ y Bullying Quiz, en sus versiones para adolescentes. Resultados: Se observó que es 1,4% de los adolescentes atracones; 23,6% síntomas sugestivos para BP; 16% insatisfacción corporal; 49,3% fueron clasificados como víctimas y / o víctimas / agresores; 29,8% fueron clasificados como agresor y / o víctima / agresor. De acuerdo con el EAT-26 y BSQ, no hubo alternativa positiva entre la intimidación (víctima y / o agresor) los síntomas sugestivos de TA (p> 0,136) y la insatisfacción corporal (p> 0,96), respectivamente. Los adolescentes que sufrieron bullying presentaron una media de síntomas de bulimia nerviosa (BN) (p <0,039) y una gravedad de síntomas (p <0,006), según la escala BITE. Conclusiones: Se observó una correlación entre el acoso escolar y síntomas sugestivos de TA, principalmente BN. Por lo tanto, es necesario desarrollar acciones para reducir la intimidación y la evitación de TA en adolescentes, los resultados se consideran como una alerta a la salud pública.

Risk of eating disorders, changes in salivary cortisol concentrations and nutritional status of adolescents.

PURPOSE: The imposition of the thin body as an ideal of beauty and the changes that occur in adolescence lead to a constant concern with adolescents' body weight, putting them at risk for eating disorders. Thus, the study sought to investigate associations between eating disorders and salivary cortisol concentrations, nutritional status and depressive symptoms in female adolescents with bulimia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1435 adolescents aged 10-19 years. The Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh (BITE) and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) questionnaires were used. A follow-up study was conducted from a random selection of female adolescents diagnosed with Bulimia Development and Well-Being Assessment-(DAWBA) to assess associations with salivary cortisol concentrations and nutritional status. RESULTS: The prevalence of body dissatisfaction among adolescents with symptoms of bulimia was 37%. There was a significant difference between salivary cortisol and bulimia (Risk Group = 0.33 ± 0.20 µg/100 ml, Diagnostic Group = 0.44 ± 0.21 µg/100 ml p = 0.040), and correlation positive between the risk of bulimia with symptoms of depression (0.355 p = 0.002) and with Body Mass Index (0.259 p = 0.028). High concentrations of salivary cortisol in bulimic adolescents may be associated with hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional status indicators cannot be used alone for the diagnosis of bulimia, since cortisol levels seem to be a reliable parameter in the identification of bulimia, provided they are used with other diagnostic criteria. LEVEL III: Evidence obtained from cross-sectional study.

Association between eating disorders, suicide and depressive symptoms in undergraduate students of health-related courses.

OBJECTIVE: To identify symptoms of eating disorders and potential associations with risk of suicide and depressive symptoms in undergraduate students of health-related courses. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 271 students. The following instruments were used to identify symptoms of eating disorders: Eating Attitudes Test-26 and Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview were used to screen for depressive symptoms and risk of suicide, respectively. Participants answered a questionnaire aimed to collect biodemographic data for economic classification of the sample. RESULTS: Symptoms of eating disorders and bulimia nervosa were detected in 7.4% and 29.1% of students, respectively. Approximately 17.3% of students had symptoms of major depression, and 13.6% were at risk of suicide to some extent; risk of suicide was thought to be low in 7.4%, moderate in 0.7% and high in 5.5% of students in this subset. The risk of eating disorder development was correlated with the risk of suicide (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Undergraduate students at risk of developing eating disorders, or with symptoms suggestive of depression, are more prone to commit suicide.

Electromyographic Patterns and the Identification of Subtypes of Awake Bruxism.

The future of awake bruxism assessment will incorporate physiological data, possibly electromyography (EMG) of the temporal muscles. But up to now, temporal muscle contraction patterns in awake bruxism have not been characterized to demonstrate clinical utility. The present study aimed to perform surface EMG evaluations of people assessed for awake bruxism to identify possible different subtypes. A 2-year active search for people with awake bruxism in three regions of the country resulted in a total of 303 participants (223 women, 38 ± 13 years, mean and SD). Their inclusion was confirmed through non-instrumental approaches for awake bruxism: self-reported questionnaire and clinical exam, performed by three experienced and calibrated dentists (Kappa = 0.75). Also, 77 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited (49 women, 36 ± 14 years). Temporalis surface EMG was performed with a portable device (Myobox; NeuroUp, Brazil). EMG signals were sent to a computer via Bluetooth 4.0 at a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz. Digital signal processing was performed using the commercial neuroUP software, transformed in RMS and then normalized for peak detection (EMG peaks/min), in a 10 min session. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct subtypes of awake bruxism: phasic, tonic, and intermediate. Individuals with a predominance of EMG peaks/min were classified as the "phasic" subtype (16.8%). Those with the highest EMG rest power were classified as the "tonic" subtype (32.3%). There was also an "intermediate" subtype (50.8%), when both variables remained low. Characterization of awake bruxism physiology is important for future establishment of instrumental assessment protocols and treatment strategies.

Association between eating disorders, suicide and depressive symptoms in undergraduate students of health-related courses / Associação entre transtornos alimentares, suicídio e sintomas depressivos em universitários de cursos de saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify symptoms of eating disorders and potential associations with risk of suicide and depressive symptoms in undergraduate students of health-related courses. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 271 students. The following instruments were used to identify symptoms of eating disorders: Eating Attitudes Test-26 and Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview were used to screen for depressive symptoms and risk of suicide, respectively. Participants answered a questionnaire aimed to collect biodemographic data for economic classification of the sample. Results: Symptoms of eating disorders and bulimia nervosa were detected in 7.4% and 29.1% of students, respectively. Approximately 17.3% of students had symptoms of major depression, and 13.6% were at risk of suicide to some extent; risk of suicide was thought to be low in 7.4%, moderate in 0.7% and high in 5.5% of students in this subset. The risk of eating disorder development was correlated with the risk of suicide (p<0.001). Conclusion: Undergraduate students at risk of developing eating disorders, or with symptoms suggestive of depression, are more prone to commit suicide.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar sintomas de transtornos alimentares e possíveis associações com o risco de suicídio e sintomas depressivos em universitários de cursos de saúde. Métodos: Neste estudo de corte transversal, foram avaliados 271 estudantes. Foram utilizados os instrumentos Teste de Atitudes Alimentares e Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh, para identificação de sintomas de transtornos alimentares. Para o rastreamento de sintomas depressivos, foi usado o questionário de autoavaliação da Escala de Hamilton − Depressão, e o Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, para identificação do risco de suicídio. Todos os participantes responderam um questionário contendo informações sociodemográficas, para classificação econômica da amostra. Resultados: A frequência para sintomas de transtornos alimentares foi de 7,4% e de 29,1% para sintomas de bulimia nervosa. Cerca de 17,3% foram sintomáticos para depressão maior, e 13,6% tinham algum grau de risco de suicídio; destes, 7,4% foram considerados com risco de suicídio leve, 0,7% com risco moderado e 5,5% com risco alto de suicídio. Houve correlação entre risco para transtornos alimentares e risco de suicídio (p<0,001). Conclusão: Universitários com risco para os transtornos alimentares, bem como os que possuem sintomatologia sugestiva para depressão têm maior probabilidade de desenvolver o risco de suicídio.

Accuracy and Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a Brief Screening Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease in the Initial Stages in the Elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the applicability and the psychometric properties of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Brazilian Version (MoCA-BR) in the elderly, as well as comparing its accuracy as a tracking test for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) with the accuracy of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). METHOD: A transversal study was performed in 4 reference medical centers that care for the elderly. In all, 229 elderly participated in the study. To select the sample, the clinical history of the elderly, Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire, and neuropsychological battery, apart from MMSE and MoCA-BR cognitive tests, were selected. The elderly were classified into control, MCI, and mild AD groups. RESULTS: There was a significant statistical difference between the MoCA-BR scores of the elderly and the control group, MCI, and mild AD (p < 0.001). The Cronbach alpha for MoCA-BR was 0.77, indicating a good internal consistency. The test-retest reliability was elevated, with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.91. The inter-examiner reliability was excellent (ICC 0.96). The area under curve of the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.95, when evaluating the ability of MoCA-BR to discriminate between the elderly with cognitive impairment and cognitively healthy elderly. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study show that the Brazilian version of MoCA is a reliable cognitive tracking tool and is accurate for the detection of MCI and early stage AD, with good applicability on the elderly with education equal to or more than 4 years and adequate to discriminate between cognitively healthy elderly, and those with MCI and mild, proving to be superior to MMSE in tracking MCI and similar to this test when tracking mild AD.

Differences in cortisol concentrations in adolescents with eating disorders: a systematic review / Diferenças nas concentrações de cortisol em adolescentes com transtornos alimentares: uma análise sistemática

Abstract Objective: To perform a systematic review of the literature for scientific evidence of possible differences in cortisol concentrations in adolescents with eating disorders. Source of data: Electronic searches were conducting in the PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Virtual Health Library, and Science Direct databases for articles published between 2007 and 2017 using the keywords, cortisol, hydrocortisone; eating disorders, bulimia, bulimia nervosa, anorexia, anorexia nervosa; adolescence, adolescent, adolescents. Synthesis of data: A total of 192 articles were found. After the analysis of the eligibility criteria using the PRISMA method, 19 articles were selected for the present review. Most studies were conducted in Europe. Adolescents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa were evaluated in all studies, except one, when other eating disorders were investigated. Blood was the means used for the determination of cortisol. In ten studies, cortisol levels were higher in the group with anorexia than the control group and a reduction in cortisol levels occurred in the adolescents after being submitted to nutritional recovery. Conclusions: Patients with eating disorders may have several clinical consequences, such as changes in body fat distribution, changes in bone mineral density, worsening of neurocognitive ability, and endocrine changes (e.g., hypercortisolemia), which in turn can lead to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and increased risk of infections. The findings demonstrate that adolescents with eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa, have increased cortisol levels, which are reduced after the treatment period. Further studies on differences in cortisol concentrations in adolescents with other eating disorders are needed, using different methods.

Resumo Objetivo: Realizar uma análise sistemática da literatura em busca de evidências científicas de possíveis diferenças nas concentrações de cortisol em adolescentes com transtornos alimentares. Fonte de dados: Pesquisas eletrônicas foram realizadas nas bases de dados do Pubmed, da Scientific Electronic Library Online, da Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde e do Science Direct em busca de artigos publicados entre 2007 e 2017 que utilizaram as palavras-chave: cortisol, hidrocortisona, transtornos alimentares, bulimia, bulimia nervosa, anorexia, anorexia nervosa, adolescência, adolescente e adolescentes. Síntese dos dados: Foram encontrados 192 artigos. Após a análise dos critérios de elegibilidade utilizando o método PRISMA, 19 artigos foram selecionados para esta análise. A maioria dos estudos foi realizada na Europa. Os adolescentes diagnosticados com anorexia nervosa foram avaliados em todos os estudos, com exceção de um, em que outros transtornos alimentares foram investigados. A coleta de sangue foi o meio utilizado para a determinação do cortisol. Em dez estudos, os níveis de cortisol estavam mais elevados no grupo com anorexia do que no grupo de controle e ocorreu uma redução nos níveis de cortisol nos adolescentes após serem submetidos a uma recuperação nutricional. Conclusões: Os pacientes com transtornos alimentares podem apresentar diversas consequências clínicas, como alterações na distribuição de gordura corporal, alterações na densidade mineral óssea, piora da capacidade neurocognitiva e alterações endócrinas, como a hipercortisolemia que, por sua vez, pode levar à hiperglicemia, resistência à insulina, hipertensão e ao aumento do risco de infecções. Os achados demonstraram que os adolescentes com transtornos alimentares, principalmente a anorexia nervosa, apresentaram níveis mais elevados de cortisol, que são reduzidos após o período de tratamento. São necessários estudos adicionais sobre as diferenças nas concentrações de cortisol em adolescentes com outros transtornos alimentares, utilizando meios diferentes.

Differences in cortisol concentrations in adolescents with eating disorders: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of the literature for scientific evidence of possible differences in cortisol concentrations in adolescents with eating disorders. SOURCE OF DATA: Electronic searches were conducting in the PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Virtual Health Library, and Science Direct databases for articles published between 2007 and 2017 using the keywords, cortisol, hydrocortisone; eating disorders, bulimia, bulimia nervosa, anorexia, anorexia nervosa; adolescence, adolescent, adolescents. SYNTHESIS OF DATA: A total of 192 articles were found. After the analysis of the eligibility criteria using the PRISMA method, 19 articles were selected for the present review. Most studies were conducted in Europe. Adolescents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa were evaluated in all studies, except one, when other eating disorders were investigated. Blood was the means used for the determination of cortisol. In ten studies, cortisol levels were higher in the group with anorexia than the control group and a reduction in cortisol levels occurred in the adolescents after being submitted to nutritional recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with eating disorders may have several clinical consequences, such as changes in body fat distribution, changes in bone mineral density, worsening of neurocognitive ability, and endocrine changes (e.g., hypercortisolemia), which in turn can lead to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and increased risk of infections. The findings demonstrate that adolescents with eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa, have increased cortisol levels, which are reduced after the treatment period. Further studies on differences in cortisol concentrations in adolescents with other eating disorders are needed, using different methods.

Consumo de formulações emagrecedoras e risco de transtornos alimentares em universitários de cursos de saúde / Consumption of dietary substances and their association with risk of eating disorders in college students

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o consumo de formulações emagrecedoras e sua possível associação com o risco de transtornos alimentares (TAs) em universitários de cursos de saúde de diversos níveis socioeconômicos. Métodos Estudo epidemiológico transversal, realizado com 276 universitários matriculados em quatro cursos da área da saúde. Para a obtenção dos dados, utilizaram-se três instrumentos autoaplicáveis: o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), o Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh (BITE) e, para investigar o consumo de formulações emagrecedoras, um questionário elaborado pela própria equipe de pesquisa. Para análise dos dados, aplicou-se o teste qui-quadrado, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Vinte e um universitários apresentaram risco de TA pela escala EAT-26, correspondente a 7,6% dos pesquisados. A frequência do uso de formulações emagrecedoras foi de 7,2%. Houve associação significativa (p < 0,001) entre o uso de formulações emagrecedoras e a presença de risco para TA (33,3%), com percentual muito elevado quando comparado ao percentual de entrevistados sem risco de TA que estavam em uso de medicamentos (5,1%). Conclusões O consumo de formulações emagrecedoras esteve associado tanto à presença de risco para TA, nas escalas EAT-26 e BITE, quanto aos níveis socioeconômicos, principalmente para a classe de renda C.

ABSTRACT Objective to evaluate the consumption of weight loss formulations and their possible association with risk of eating disorders (ED) in university students of health courses of different socioeconomic levels. Methods A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out with 276 university students enrolled in four health courses. To obtain the data, three self-applied instruments were used: the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh (BITE) and to investigate the consumption of weight-loss formulations a questionnaire prepared by the research team was used. For the data analysis, the chi-square test was applied, adopting the level of significance of 5%. Results Twenty-one university students presented a risk of ED by the EAT-26 scale, corresponding to 7.6% of the respondents. The frequency of use of weight loss formulations was 7.2%. There was a significant association (p < 0.001) between the use of weight loss formulations and the presence of risk for ED (33.3%), with a very high percentage when compared to the percentage of non-ED respondents who were using medication (5.1%). Conclusions The consumption of dietary formulations was associated with both the presence of risk for ED, on the EAT-26 and BITE scales, and on socioeconomic levels, especially for income class C.

Cyclodextrins improving the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of antidepressant drugs: a patent review.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is a serious mood disorder and is one of the most common mental illnesses. Despite the availability of several classes of antidepressants, a substantial percentage of patients are unresponsive to these drugs, which have a slow onset of action in addition to producing undesirable side effects. Some scientific evidence suggests that cyclodextrins (CDs) can improve the physicochemical and pharmacological profile of antidepressant drugs (ADDs). The purpose of this paper is to disclose current data technology prospects involving antidepressant drugs and cyclodextrins. AREAS COVERED: We conducted a patent review to evaluate the antidepressive activity of the compounds complexed in CDs, and we analyzed whether these complexes improved their physicochemical properties and pharmacological action. The present review used 8 specialized patent databases for patent research, using the term 'cyclodextrin' combined with 'antidepressive agents' and its related terms. We found 608 patents. In the end, considering the inclusion criteria, 27 patents reporting the benefits of complexation of ADDs with CDs were included. EXPERT OPINION: The use of CDs can be considered an important tool for the optimization of physicochemical and pharmacological properties of ADDs, such as stability, solubility and bioavailability.